Canines Tooth brush 2022

Everyone loves pets such as dogs, cats and other animals, but do we know the story of dogs from the beginning and how man was associated with them to become his best friend and his friend and help him in several areas and tasks?

    How did the dog get the title of the best friend of man?

A dog (Canis familiaris or Canis lupus familiaris) is a domesticated descendant of the wolf. Also called a domestic dog, it is derived from an extinct ancient wolf, and the modern wolf is the closest living relative of the dog.

• The dog was the first species to be domesticated, by hunters and fruit collectors more than 15,000 years ago, before the development of planting.
•  Due to their long association with humans, dogs expanded to a large number of domestic individuals and gained the ability to thrive on a starch-rich diet that will not be enough for other dogs.
•  The dog has been selectively bred over thousands of years for various behaviors, sensory abilities and physical traits. Dog breeds differ significantly in shape, size and color. 
• They perform many roles for humans, such as hunting, grazing, dragging, protection, police and army assistance, companionship, treatment, and assistance to people with disabilities. 
• For thousands of years, dogs have become uniquely adapted to human behavior, and the bond between humans and dogs has been the subject of repeated study. 
• This influence on human society has given them the title of "man's best friend".

taxonomy

• In 1758, the Swedish botanist and zoologist Carl Linnaeus published in his book Systema Naturae, the designation of two-word species (double-edged nomenclature). Canis is the Latin word that means "dog", and under this genus, the domestic dog, wolf and golden jackal were included.
•  The domestic dog was classified as Canis familiaris, and on the next page, the gray wolf was classified as Canis lupus.
•  Linnaeus considered that the dog is a separate species from the wolf because of its inverted tail (cauda recurvata), which is not found in any other reed. 
• In 1999, a study of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) indicated that the domestic dog may have originated from the gray wolf, with the development of singing dog breeds dingo and New Guinea at a time when human societies were more isolated from each other. 
• In the third edition of the world's mammal species published in 2005, mammalian W. Christopher Wozencraft listed under the Canis lupus wolf his wild breed and proposed two additional subspecies, which formed the local canine family: familiaris, as Linnaeus called it in 1758, and the dengo named by Meyer in 1793.
•  Wozencraft included halstromi (singing in New Guinea) as another name (a small synonym) for dingo. Wozencraft referred to the mtDNA study as one of the evidence that informed his decision.
•  Mammalists have noted the inclusion of intimacy and dengo together under the layer of "domestic dog" with some discussions about it. 
• In 2019, a workshop hosted by the IUCN Specialist Canid Group/Species Survival Committee considered the singing dingo of New Guinea to be the familiar brutal Canis and therefore did not evaluate them for the IUCN Red List of Endangered Species.

Evolution

• The extinction of the Cretaceous-Paleogene period occurred 65 million years ago, put an end to non-bird dinosaurs and the appearance of the first carnivores. 
• The carnivorous name is given to a member of the Carnivora system. Carnivores have a common arrangement of teeth called carnassials, where the first lower premolars and the last upper premolars have blade-like enamel crowns that work similarly to a pair of scissors for cutting meat.
•  This dental arrangement has been modified by adapting over the past 60 million years to meat-based diets, to crushing plants, or to losing carnassial function just like in seals, sea lions and walrus.
•  Today, not all carnivores are carnivores, like the insectivorous Aardwolf.The ancestors of carnivores of dog-like caniforms and cat-like coughs began their separate evolutionary paths immediately after the end of the dinosaurs. 
• The first members of the Canidae canine family appeared 40 million years ago, whose subfamily Caninae is still alive only today in the form of wolf-like fangs and foxes. 
• Within Caninae, the first members of the genus Canis appeared six million years ago, the ancestors of modern domestic dogs, wolves, coyotes and golden jackals.

domestication

• The oldest remains generally accepted to be domesticated remains were discovered in Bonn Obercastle, Germany. 
• Contextual, isotope, genetic and morphological evidence shows that this dog was not a domestic wolf. 
• The dog dates back to 14,223 years ago, and was found buried with a man and a woman, and the three were sprinkled with red hematite powder and buried under large, thick blocks of basalt.
•  The dog had died from the distemper of dogs. Previous remains dating back 30,000 years ago have been described as Paleolithic, but their status as dogs or wolves is still debated due to the presence of a large morphological diversity among wolves during the late Pleistocene.
• This timing indicates that the dog was the first species to be domesticated in the time of hunters and fruit collectors, which precedes planting. DNA sequences show that all ancient and modern dogs share a common ancestry.
• and descended from an ancient, extinct wolf population which was distinct from the modern wolf lineage.
•  Most dogs form a sister group to the remains of a Late Pleistocene wolf found in the Kessleroch cave near Thayngen in the canton of Schaffhausen, Switzerland, which dates to 14,500 years ago. The most recent common ancestor of both is estimated to be from 32,100 years ago.
•  This indicates that an extinct Late Pleistocene wolf may have been the ancestor of the dog, with the modern wolf being the dog's nearest living relative.
• The dog is a classic example of a domestic animal that likely travelled a commensal pathway into domestication.
•  The questions of when and where dogs were first domesticated have taxed geneticists and archaeologists for decades. 
• Genetic studies suggest a domestication process commencing over 25,000 years ago, in one or several wolf populations in either Europe, the high Arctic, or eastern Asia. In 2021, a literature review of the current evidence infers that the dog was domesticated in Siberia 23,000 years ago by ancient North Siberians, then later dispersed eastward into the Americas and westward across Eurasia.

 Breeds

• Dogs are the most variable mammal on earth with around 450 globally recognized dog breeds. In the Victorian era, directed human selection developed the modern dog breeds, which resulted in a vast range of phenotypes. 
• Most breeds were derived from small numbers of founders within the last 200 years, and since then dogs have undergone rapid phenotypic change and were formed into today's modern breeds due to artificial selection imposed by humans. The skull, body, and limb proportions vary significantly between breeds,
•  with dogs displaying more phenotypic diversity than can be found within the entire order of carnivores. These breeds possess distinct traits related to morphology, which include body size, skull shape, tail phenotype, fur type and colour. 
• Their behavioural traits include guarding, herding, and hunting, retrieving, and scent detection. Their personality traits include hypersocial behavior, boldness, and aggression, which demonstrates the functional and behavioral diversity of dogs.
•  As a result, present day dogs are the most abundant carnivore species and are dispersed around the world. The most striking example of this dispersal is that of the numerous modern breeds of European lineage during the Victorian era.

     Senses

• A dog's senses include vision, hearing, smell, taste, touch, and sensitivity to Earth's magnetic field. Another study has suggested that dogs can see Earth's magnetic field.

     Coat

• The coats of domestic dogs are of two varieties: "double" being familiar with dogs (as well as wolves) originating from colder climates, made up of a coarse guard hair and a soft down hair, or "single", with the topcoat only.
•  Breeds may have an occasional "blaze", stripe, or "star" of white fur on their chest or underside. Premature graying can occur in dogs from as early as one year of age; this is associated with impulsive behaviors, anxiety behaviors, fear of noise, and fear of unfamiliar people or animals.

  Biology

 Anatomy

  Skeleton

• All healthy dogs, regardless of their size and type, have an identical skeletal structure with the exception of the number of bones in the tail, although there is significant skeletal variation between dogs of different types. 
• The dog's skeleton is well adapted for running; the vertebrae on the neck and back have extensions for powerful back muscles to connect to, the long ribs provide plenty of room for the heart and lungs, and the shoulders are unattached to the skeleton allowing great flexibility.
• Compared to the dog's wolf-like ancestors, selective breeding since domestication has seen the dog's skeleton greatly enhanced in size for larger types as mastiffs and miniaturised for smaller types such as terriers; dwarfism has been selectively utilised for some types where short legs are advantageous such as dachshunds and corgis. 
• Most dogs naturally have 26 vertebrae in their tails, but some with naturally short tails have as few as three.The dog's skull has identical components regardless of breed type, but there is significant divergence in terms of skull shape between types.
•  The three basic skull shapes are the elongated dolichocephalic type as seen in sighthounds, the intermediate mesocephalic or mesaticephalic type, and the very short and broad brachycephalic type exemplified by mastiff type skulls.

     Health

• Some breeds of dogs are prone to specific genetic ailments such as elbow and hip dysplasia, blindness, deafness, pulmonic stenosis, cleft palate, and trick knees. 
• Two severe medical conditions significantly affecting dogs are pyometra, affecting unspayed females of all breeds and ages, and Gastric dilatation volvulus (bloat), which affects larger breeds or deep-chested dogs. 
• Both of these are acute conditions and can kill rapidly. 
• Dogs are also susceptible to parasites such as fleas, ticks, mites, hookworms, tapeworms, roundworms, and heartworms, which is a roundworm species that lives in the hearts of dogs.

• Several human foods and household ingestibles are toxic to dogs, including chocolate solids, causing theobromine poisoning, onions and garlic, causing thiosulphate, sulfoxide or disulfide poisoning, grapes and raisins, macadamia nuts, and xylitol. 
• The nicotine in tobacco can also be dangerous to dogs. Signs of ingestion can include copious vomiting (e.g., from eating cigar butts) or diarrhea. Some other symptoms are abdominal pain, loss of coordination, collapse, or death.
• Dogs are also vulnerable to some of the same health conditions as humans, including diabetes, dental and heart disease, epilepsy, cancer, hypothyroidism, and arthritis.

Thank you dears readers if you have any additional information add it in the comments .

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